Safety Training Events
OSHA 7505 – Introduction To Incident (Accident) Investigation 11/10 CV
OSHA 7505 - INTRODUCTION TO INCIDENT (ACCIDENT) INVESTIGATION REGISTER HERE Offered by Mid Atlantic OTI Education Center, this course will be held at ABC-VA Central Virginia Training Facility, Host Training Organization Monday, November 10, 2025 | 8:00AM - 4:30PM This course covers an introduction to basic accident investigation procedures and describes accident analysis techniques. Course topics include reasons for conducting accident investigations, employer responsibilities related to workplace accident investigations, and a six step accident investigation procedure. The target audience is the employer, manager, employee or employee representative who is involved in conducting accident and/or near-miss investigations. Upon course completion students will have the basic skills necessary to conduct an effective accident investigation at the workplace. Prerequisites: None Course Includes: Student binder LOCATION ABC-VA Central Virginia Training Facility 1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 COST $265 SCHEDULE Please visit CRSC registration link above
1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 United States
Construction Quality Management 11/11 HR **FULL**
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY MANAGEMENT (CQM) **FULL. Please email Maddy Goulden to be put on waitlist.** Tuesday, November 11, 2025 | 7:30AM - 5:00PM Do you want to become more competitive handling government contracts? Do you want to deliver quality, increase repeat business, and maintain your reputation, all while making a profit? If these things are important to you then enroll in Construction Quality Management (CQM) for Contractors, brought to you by ABC-Virginia, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC). This required training recognizes that the mutual goal of contractors and the government is a quality end product. This program encourages proactive leadership and emphasizes getting it right the first time. Attendees develop an understanding of how to integrate quality into every aspect of the project from the pre-construction planning to project close-out. Enroll in Construction Quality Management and satisfy the government's requirements. Your certification is issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is valid for five years. SCHEDULE Tuesday, November 11, 2025 7:30AM - 5:00PM Continental breakfast and lunch provided LOCATION ABC-VA Hampton Roads Training Facility 530 Independence Parkway, Suite 500, Chesapeake, VA 23320 *Student parking and entrance is in the back of the […]
Chesapeake, 23320 United States
Bluebeam Construction Estimating Principles and Application 11/11
Bluebeam Construction Estimating Principles and Application (Virtual) Tuesday, November 11, 2025 | 1:00PM-5:00PM Great Estimators know that to be competitive and competent in the current market, their companies must continually be in search of an edge. “How can we approach this project differently than our competition?” Track 1 – The Estimating Principles Behind Every Bid: This open forum discussion led by a panel of experienced construction estimators explores advanced elements of construction estimating. Experienced estimators will be challenged to evaluate their own systems within the framework of current trends and models with an emphasis on Bluebeam. Every topic will be discussed from various perspectives to allow Estimators from across the spectrum to benefit. Learning Objectives: Cost/Price analysis Pricing project constraints How to build flexibility into your system Optimum time to complete Escalation Managing risk within the estimate Danger zones to avoid Track 2 – How Technology Can Produce Faster, More Accurate Estimates: Oftentimes simply being more visual in your bid scope can put you ahead of the competition by showing you truly understand the project. Each day we’ll spend some time demonstrating how technology can not only replace your highlighters, scales, and calculator, but fluid company standards for you and […]
ODU vs. Norfolk State Basketball Game — Honoring Veterans, Open to All 11/11 HR
ODU VS. NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY BASKETBALL GAME & MIXER Tuesday, November 11, 2025 | 5:30PM Special Veterans Day basketball game hosted by the Inclusion, Diversity & Merit Committee. ALL are welcome! **Online registration will close at 12PM on Monday, November 10. Please contact Rob Camlin for availability after this time.** SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES Event Sponsor $500 – includes two (2) registrations, logo/name on marketing materials Bar Sponsor $250 – includes one (1) registration, logo/name on marketing materials Select during registration or email Maddy Goulden SCHEDULE 5:30PM – 7:00PM Food, drinks & networking 7:00PM GAME ON! LOCATION Chartway Arena @ ODU 4320 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529 COST Member – $50 Non-Member – $75 Includes game ticket, appetizers & drinks Questions? Contact Maddy Goulden
Norfolk, 23529 United States
OSHA 502 – Update For Construction Industry Outreach Trainers 11/12 CV
OSHA 502 - UPDATE FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OUTREACH TRAINERS REGISTER HERE Offered by Mid Atlantic OTI Education Center, this course will be held at ABC-VA Central Virginia Training Facility, Host Training Organization November 12 - 14, 2025 | 8:00AM - 4:00PM This course is designed for Outreach Training Program trainers who have completed OSHA #500 Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry and are authorized trainers in the OSHA Outreach Training Program. The course provides an update on OSHA Construction Standards, policies, and regulations. Upon course completion students will have the ability to demonstrate continued professional development in their field by applying effective adult learning principles and interactive training techniques to clearly identify, define, and explain construction industry hazards and acceptable corrective measures as they continue to teach the 10- and 30-hour Construction Outreach Training Program classes. Student Contact Hours: 18 Prerequisites: OSHA #500 Trainers Course in OSHA Standards for the Construction Industry. Authorized Outreach Training Program trainers are required to attend this course once every four years (4) to maintain their trainer status. Prior to registration, students must provide a copy of their current Outreach Training Program trainer card or an official transcript showing successful completion of the OSHA […]
1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 United States
CPR, AED & First Aid Certification 11/12 HR
CPR, AED & FIRST AID CERTIFICATION Wednesday, November 12, 2025 | 8:30AM - 12:30PM ABC Virginia certifies hundreds of individuals each year in First-Aid and CPR/AED using the Health Safety Institute’s (HSI) training content. ABC-VA’s primary goal is to create confidence in its students’ abilities to handle emergency situations. Our instructors provide clear explanations of the subject matter in a relaxed environment. Instructors focus on the importance of controlling, with confidence, medical emergencies and providing life support for victims of sudden illness or injury. The certification issued to each participant is valid for two years. INSTRUCTOR Jamie Carrow, ABC-VA LOCATION ABC-VA Hampton Roads Training Facility 530 Independence Parkway, Suite 500, Chesapeake, VA 23320 (behind the Home Depot and Lowes on Battlefield Boulevard) *Student parking and entrance is in the back of the building.* COST Member: $88 Non-Member: $100 SUBSTITUTIONS/CANCELLATION POLICY Substitutions are welcome at any time if the originally registered individual can no longer attend. Cancellations must be made with 48 hours. CLASS CONTACT Maddy Goulden
Chesapeake, 23320 United States
Bluebeam Reading Construction Documents 11/12
Bluebeam Reading Construction Documents (Virtual) November 12 & 13, 2025 | 1:00PM – 5:00PM This two-part online program is for entry-level architectural or engineering designers, apprentices, entry-level tradespersons, project coordinators, assistant project managers, new project managers, estimators, specialty sales representatives, or anyone in career transition looking for a refresher. Designed to quickly familiarize students with the basics of reading and understanding construction documents. From navigating title block information to combing through specification documents, participants will learn how to navigate a project and understand the material and construction requirements. Instructor: Troy DeGroot, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, UChapter2 | Owner As a Bluebeam Certified Consultant, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, and Implementation Specialist, Troy travels the country training over 2,000 students annually with customized tools and workflows. It is these extensive and diverse training opportunities that have led to Troy being a requested annual presenter at AIA meetings, Bluebeam Academy and Bluebeam’s very own eXtreme Conference (XCON). With over 20 years in the industry, Troy has cultivated a deep understanding of the requirements of customers, the needs of end users, common goals of management, and the capacities of the technology. He has led many companies through successful software implementations and training. Having served as the BIM Manager for […]
2025 Strike & Build: The Contractor’s Classic Bowling Tournament 11/12 CV
2025 STRIKE & BUILD: THE CONTRACTOR'S CLASSIC Wednesday, November 12, 2025 | 5:00PM - 8:00PM Strike up some fun! Team up with your colleagues and show off your bowling skills - we're back at Bowl America Short Pump for our annual bowling showdown! The tournament will kick off at 5:30PM. Get ready for an epic night of: 🏆 Friendly competition 🎁 Great prizes 🎉 Team spirit 🍟 Food, drinks & unforgettable team building fun Prizes for: Top 3 Teams • Best Dressed • Most Strikes • Most Spares • Best Bowling Style Form a team or come solo! We’ll match you up - everyone’s welcome! Registration deadline: November 7, 2025. Any cancellations must be made by 5PM on November 7, 2025. SPONSORSHIPS Event Sponsor $1,150 – includes one (1) five-person team, large signage at event, logo/name on marketing materials Bar Sponsor $950 – includes one (1) five-person team, signage at bar, logo/name on marketing materials Trophy Sponsor $300 – includes signage, logo/name on marketing materials Contest Sponsor $200 – includes signage, logo/name on marketing materials SPONSORS - THANK YOU! LOCATION Bowl America, Short Pump 4400 Pouncey Tract Road, Glen Allen, VA 23060 COST (Members Only event) Member: $90 per person Non-bowling (Networking only): $45 […]
Glen Allen, 23060
NEC 2020 Update Course 11/13 CV
NEC 2020 UPDATE COURSE ABC Virginia is offering the 2020 NEC Update in order to accommodate Continuing Education requirements. The Individual License and Certification Regulations adopted by the Board for Contractors, Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation, on April 1, 2007 (18 VAC 50-30-120) provide that all individuals renewing a journeyman or masters license after December 1, 2007, shall be required to satisfactorily complete a continuing education course from a provider approved by the board. The following course has been approved by the Board for Contractors, Virginia Department of Occupational Regulation, as meeting the continuing education requirements for licensed tradesmen (journeyman and masters), in accordance with the provisions of 18 VAC 50-30-120. *State Approved Continuing Education Course SCHEDULE Thursday, November 13, 2025 5:00PM – 9:00PM INSTRUCTOR David G. Humphrey, Code Making Panel Chair, Senior Electrical Inspector, Plan Review Engineer LOCATION ABC-VA Central Virginia Training Facility 1600 East Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 COST Member – $99 Non-Member – $129 CANCELLATION/SUBSTITUTION POLICY Please note that a reservation constitutes a financial commitment unless cancellations are made 48 hours in advance. Substitutions are welcome at any time if the originally registered individual(s) can no longer attend. Questions? Contact Sherrie Dickerson
1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 United States
Young Professionals: It’s the Catalina Wine Mixer + Fundraiser for Veterans 11/13
YOUNG PROFESSIONALS: IT'S THE CATALINA WINE MIXER + FUNDRAISER FOR VETERANS Thursday, November 13, 2025 | 5:00PM – 8:00PM POW! Are you ready to run with the bulls!? This special mixer at The Winery at Bull Run will honor veterans and raise funds for Vigilant Torch. Founded in 2009, Vigilant Torch supports a unique subset of the Special Operations community and their families through holistic well-being initiatives. Enjoy wine tastings, friendly cornhole matches, and a silent auction fundraiser. Whether you’re here to connect, compete, or contribute, it’s sure to be a night to remember. It’s the freakin’ Catalina Wine Mixer - Northern Virginia style! Don’t miss it and the opportunity to give back to our veterans. ABOUT VIGILANT TORCH Founded in 2009, Vigilant Torch supports a unique subset of the Special Operations community and their families through holistic well-being initiatives. Their programs - ranging from mentorship and wellness programs to emergency relief and educational opportunities - are tailored to address the specific challenges of military life, transition to civilian life, and beyond. They provide personalized resources that empower and uplift, making them a trusted, essential resource for those they serve. Please note: this event is for Young Professionals (40 & under) […]
Centreville, 20120 United States
Bluebeam Baseline Basics (Option 1) 11/17
Bluebeam Baseline Basics (Virtual) – Option 1 Monday, November 17, 2025 | 12:00PM-2:00PM **This class is a mandatory pre-requisite for Bluebeam Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates and Bluebeam Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates.** Regardless of your experience with Bluebeam, we highly recommend taking the full course of Baseline Basics, Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates and Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates to ensure you get the most value out of your training and time with expert Troy DeGroot. Attendees will learn interface navigation including menu dropdowns, toolbars, various tool panels, keyboard shortcuts and a few recommended settings. While learning various markup and measurement tools, several tips & tricks will be shared to increase speed and accuracy. Learning Objectives: Interface Navigation Calibration & Measurements Introduction to the Markups List Instructor: Troy DeGroot, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, UChapter2 | Owner As a Bluebeam Certified Consultant, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, and Implementation Specialist, Troy travels the country training over 2,000 students annually with customized tools and workflows. It is these extensive and diverse training opportunities that have led to Troy being a requested annual presenter at AIA meetings, Bluebeam Academy and Bluebeam’s very own eXtreme Conference (XCON). With over 20 years in the industry, Troy has cultivated a deep understanding […]
Submittal Management Seminar 11/18 HR
SUBMITTAL MANAGEMENT SEMINAR Tuesday, November 18, 2025 | 11:30AM – 1:30PM | Lunch provided Learn to correctly complete the submittals process insuring on-time and in-budget construction. This seminar will provide information on the responsibilities of suppliers, subcontractors, general contractors, architects, and engineers. Attendees will learn how to create proper submittal packages from start to finish using contract documents as well as learn key details that can save the company time and money. This seminar is geared towards subcontracting firms and supplier companies who would like more insight into how the submittal process works and how they can achieve timeliness and success with their packages. Learn the role and importance submittal packages have in the construction process and how to achieve an approval the first time. INSTRUCTOR - Eric Rash, Submittal Manager, Heartland Construction, Inc. As Submittal Manager, Eric is responsible for overseeing the submission and approval process of technical documents, including shop drawings, product data, and samples for construction projects. This role involves ensuring all submittals comply with project specifications and contract requirements, coordinating with architects, engineers, contractors, and suppliers to facilitate effective communication and timely approvals. LOCATION ABC-VA Hampton Roads Training Facility 530 Independence Parkway, Suite 500, Chesapeake, VA […]
Chesapeake, 23320 United States
Bluebeam Baseline Basics (Option 2) 11/18
Bluebeam Baseline Basics (Virtual) – Option 2 Tuesday, November 18, 2025 | 12:00PM-2:00PM **This class is a mandatory pre-requisite for Bluebeam Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates and Bluebeam Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates.** Regardless of your experience with Bluebeam, we highly recommend taking the full course of Baseline Basics, Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates and Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates to ensure you get the most value out of your training and time with expert Troy DeGroot. Attendees will learn interface navigation including menu dropdowns, toolbars, various tool panels, keyboard shortcuts and a few recommended settings. While learning various markup and measurement tools, several tips & tricks will be shared to increase speed and accuracy. Learning Objectives: Interface Navigation Calibration & Measurements Introduction to the Markups List Instructor: Troy DeGroot, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, UChapter2 | Owner As a Bluebeam Certified Consultant, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, and Implementation Specialist, Troy travels the country training over 2,000 students annually with customized tools and workflows. It is these extensive and diverse training opportunities that have led to Troy being a requested annual presenter at AIA meetings, Bluebeam Academy and Bluebeam’s very own eXtreme Conference (XCON). With over 20 years in the industry, Troy has cultivated a deep understanding […]
Project Closeout Seminar 11/18 HR
PROJECT CLOSEOUT SEMINAR Tuesday, November 18, 2025 | 2:00PM – 4:00PM Learning how to successfully close out a project is an essential aspect of this business. Each student will leave with the skills and confidence to create and implement a logical process and an efficient environment that will promote a complete close-out. This seminar is for administrative employees, superintendents, and project managers of general contractors and specialty contractors. Attendees will learn: • The “Ten Commandments” of project close-out • Project close-out strategy • The project close-out timeline • Field operations specifics • The engineering close-out matrix • The financial close-out matrix • The project close-out scorecard • The 10-month walk-through process • The instructor’s focus will be teaching this organized and logical process and providing students with a solid basis to improve closing out their projects. INSTRUCTOR – Eric Rash, Submittal Manager, Heartland Construction, Inc. As Submittal Manager, Eric is responsible for overseeing the submission and approval process of technical documents, including shop drawings, product data, and samples for construction projects. This role involves ensuring all submittals comply with project specifications and contract requirements, coordinating with architects, engineers, contractors, and suppliers to facilitate effective communication and timely approvals. LOCATION ABC-VA Hampton Roads […]
Chesapeake, 23320 United States
Plug In & Prosper: Meet the Committees & More 11/18
PLUG IN AND PROSPER: MEET THE COMMITTEES PLUS: NEW & PROSPECTIVE MEMBER WELCOME Tuesday, November 18, 2025 | 4:00PM - 6:00PM Join us for an afternoon of networking and discovery with ABC-VA! This is a FREE event for new and prospective members, as well as current ABC-VA members interested in getting more involved. This event is all about learning and connecting - there’s no obligation to join a committee, but we hope you’ll find one that sparks your interest! This special networking happy hour hosted by ABC-VA committee chairs will walk you through the ABCs of your ABC membership — showing you, in real time, how to: ✅ Leverage ABC-VA’s resources to elevate your career ✅ Build relationships that strengthen your professional network ✅ Give back to the construction industry *SPECIAL OFFER* Bring a non-member construction industry guest, and you’ll receive a FREE ticket to our March networking event at McCormack’s Big Whisky Grill! Don’t miss this opportunity to connect, learn, and grow with your ABC-VA community. COMMITTEES Management Education • Membership • Networking & Involvement • Safety • Young Professionals LOCATION DPR Construction 4305 Cox Road, Glen Allen, VA 23060 COST Free for members (& prospective) - registration required Questions? […]
Glen Allen, 23060 United States
Superintendents Academy CV 11/19
SUPERINTENDENTS ACADEMY 2025 - CENTRAL VIRGINIA LOCATION November 19 - 21, 2025 | 7:30AM - 5:00PM Calling all future construction leaders! 📢 Superintendents Academy hits Central Virginia! Join us for ABC-VA’s annual Superintendents Academy to learn firsthand from industry professionals. This training features interactive sessions on the following topics with all subjects geared toward the modern Superintendent: Project Administration and Processes Safety and Risk Management Quality and Quality Control Contracts and Jobsite Documentation Budgeting and Estimating Construction Practices on the Jobsite Construction Planning and Productivity Jobsite Technology Personal Skills and Habits Goal Setting Time Management Communication Jobsite Leadership **Limited to 25 participants. We anticipate the Academy to sell out - register early!** WHO SHOULD ATTEND? The academy is designed for superintendents of all experience levels. SPEAKERS Frank Bliley, WM Jordan Company Thomas Hearn, Retired (DAVIS Construction) Jeremy Crumley, Balfour Beatty Brad Mohler, ColonialWebb Contractors Keith Klammer, Atlantic Constructors, Inc Michael Bellaman, ABC-National President & CEO SCHEDULE November 19 7:30AM-5:00PM Breakfast & Lunch included November 20 8:30AM-5:30PM Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner & Networking included November 21 7:30AM-12:00PM Breakfast & Certificate Ceremony included COST Members — $825 Non-Members — $1,175 SUBSTITUTION/CANCELLATION POLICY Substitutions are welcome at any time if the originally registered individual(s) can no […]
1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 United States
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Workshop 11/19 HR
THE 7 HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE PEOPLE WORKSHOP Wednesday, November 19, 2025 - Thursday, November 20, 2025 | 8:30 AM - 4:00 PM Habits are powerful forces in our lives that determine our level of effectiveness or ineffectiveness. The purpose of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, based on principles detailed in Stephen Covey’s popular self-help book, is to help you lead your life in a truly effective way. They represent a proven process of personal and interpersonal growth that can have an immediate and lasting impact. Gain a personal plan of action to enhance your productivity and leadership skills. Benefits of Attending: Dr. Stephen R. Covey was a global leadership authority. His international bestseller, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People®, was named one of the 10 most influential management books ever by Forbes magazine and is the bestselling audio book in history. This two-day, intensive course will help you: • Execute critical priorities with focus and planning • End self-defeating behavior • Develop strong relationships based on mutual trust • Be prepared to deal with difficult circumstances before they happen • Increase team engagement, morale and collaboration • Create a highly effective culture based on core values […]
Chesapeake, 23320 United States
Bluebeam Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates 11/19
Bluebeam Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates (Virtual) Wednesday, November 19, 2025 | 12:00PM-2:00PM *Mandatory Pre-requisite – Baseline Basics (Option 1 – November 17) / Baseline Basics (Option 2 – November 18) With Revu’s intuitive measurement tools and customizable interface, we can turn your highlighters into a data rich takeoff tools. We’ll start out going through the standard measurement tools and settings, then move into various customization options and discuss the results in the Markups List. Learning Objectives: Introduction to Viewports Measurement Tips & Tricks Custom Estimating Tools Instructor: Troy DeGroot, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, UChapter2 | Owner As a Bluebeam Certified Consultant, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, and Implementation Specialist, Troy travels the country training over 2,000 students annually with customized tools and workflows. It is these extensive and diverse training opportunities that have led to Troy being a requested annual presenter at AIA meetings, Bluebeam Academy and Bluebeam’s very own eXtreme Conference (XCON). With over 20 years in the industry, Troy has cultivated a deep understanding of the requirements of customers, the needs of end users, common goals of management, and the capacities of the technology. He has led many companies through successful software implementations and training. Having served as the BIM Manager for a […]
CPR, AED & First Aid Certification 11/20 CV
CPR, AED & FIRST AID CERTIFICATION Thursday, November 20, 2025 | 7:00AM - 11:30AM ABC Virginia certifies hundreds of individuals each year in First-Aid and CPR/AED using the Health Safety Institute’s (HSI) training content. ABC-VA’s primary goal is to create confidence in its students’ abilities to handle emergency situations. Our instructors provide clear explanations of the subject matter in a relaxed environment. Instructors focus on the importance of controlling, with confidence, medical emergencies and providing life support for victims of sudden illness or injury. The certification issued to each participant is valid for two years. LOCATION ABC-VA Central VA Training Facility 1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 COST Member: $88 Non-Member: $115 SUBSTITUTIONS/CANCELLATION POLICY Substitutions are welcome at any time if the originally registered individual(s) can no longer attend. Cancellations must be made within 48 hours. CLASS CONTACT Sherrie Dickerson
1600 E Parham Road, Richmond, VA 23228 United States
Bluebeam Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates 11/20
Bluebeam Advanced Materials Takeoffs & Estimates (Virtual) Thursday, November 20, 2025 | 12:00PM - 2:00PM *Mandatory Pre-requisite – Baseline Basics (Option 1 – November 17) / Baseline Basics (Option 2 – November 18) & Basics Materials Takeoffs & Estimates (November 19) After finishing the Bluebeam Takeoffs & Estimates – Basics course we’ll move into creating custom columns, embedding formulas, and information organization. Did you know you can export to an Excel spreadsheet, or even link directly to that Excel template file full of formulas you’ve been using for years? Learning Objectives: Custom Estimating Tools (Continued from “Material Takeoffs & Estimates-Basics”) Collecting Rich Data with Custom Columns Reports and Exporting Data Instructor: Troy DeGroot, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, UChapter2 | Owner As a Bluebeam Certified Consultant, Bluebeam Certified Instructor, and Implementation Specialist, Troy travels the country training over 2,000 students annually with customized tools and workflows. It is these extensive and diverse training opportunities that have led to Troy being a requested annual presenter at AIA meetings, Bluebeam Academy and Bluebeam’s very own eXtreme Conference (XCON). With over 20 years in the industry, Troy has cultivated a deep understanding of the requirements of customers, the needs of end users, common goals of management, and the capacities […]
